Research

# Well-posedness of delay parabolic difference equations

Allaberen Ashyralyev12* and Deniz Agirseven3

Author Affiliations

1 Department of Mathematics, Fatih University, Istanbul, 34500, Turkey

2 Department of Mathematics, ITTU, Gerogly Street, Ashgabat, 74400, Turkmenistan

3 Department of Mathematics, Trakya University, Edirne, 22030, Turkey

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Advances in Difference Equations 2014, 2014:18  doi:10.1186/1687-1847-2014-18

 Received: 8 November 2013 Accepted: 16 December 2013 Published: 16 January 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

The well-posedness of difference schemes of the initial value problem for delay differential equations with unbounded operators acting on delay terms in an arbitrary Banach space is studied. Theorems on the well-posedness of these difference schemes in fractional spaces are proved. In practice, the coercive stability estimates in Hölder norms for the solutions of difference schemes of the mixed problems for delay parabolic equations are obtained.

##### Keywords:
well-posedness; delay parabolic equations; fractional spaces; coercive stability

### 1 Introduction

Approximate solutions of the delay differential equations have been studied extensively in a series of works (see, for example, [1-6] and the references therein) and developed over the last three decades. In the literature mostly the sufficient condition

| b ( t ) | Re a ( t ) , t 0 (1)

was considered for the stability of the following test delay differential equation:

d v ( t ) d t + a ( t ) v ( t ) = b ( t ) v ( t ω ) , t > 0 (2)

with the initial condition

v ( t ) = g ( t ) ( ω t 0 ) . (3)

It is known that delay differential equations can be solved by applying standard numerical methods for ordinary differential equations without the presence of delay. However, it is difficult to generalize any numerical method to obtain a high order of accuracy algorithms, because high-order methods may not lead to efficient results. It is well known that even if a ( t ) , b ( t ) and g ( t ) are arbitrary differentiable functions, v ( t ) may not possess the higher-order derivatives for a sufficiently large t. Therefore, we have non-smooth solution of delay differential equations for given smooth data. This is the main difficulty in the study of the convergence of numerical methods for delay differential equations.

Delay partial differential equations arise from various applications, like in climate models, biology, medicine, control theory, and many others (see, for example, [7] and the references therein).

The theory of approximate solutions of delay partial differential equations has received less attention than delay ordinary differential equations. A situation which occurs in delay partial differential equations when the delay term is an operator of lower order with respect to the other operator term is widely investigated (see, for example, [7-9] and the references therein). In the case where the delay term is an operator of the same order with respect to other operator term, this is studied mainly in a Hilbert space (see, for example, [10] and the references therein). In fact there are very few papers where the delay term is an operator of the same order with respect to the other operator term, this being investigated in a general Banach space (see [11-14]) and in these works, the authors look only for partial differential equations under regular data. Additionally, approximate solutions of the delay parabolic equations in the case where the delay term is a simple operator of the same order with respect to the other operator term were studied recently in papers [15-19].

It is known that various initial-boundary value problems for linear evolutionary delay partial differential equations can be reduced to an initial value problem of the form

{ d v ( t ) d t + A v ( t ) = B ( t ) v ( t ω ) + f ( t ) , t 0 , v ( t ) = g ( t ) ( ω t 0 ) (4)

in an arbitrary Banach space E with the unbounded linear operators A and B ( t ) in E with dense domains D ( A ) D ( B ( t ) ) . Let A be a strongly positive operator, i.e.A is the generator of the analytic semigroup e t A ( t 0 ) of the linear bounded operators with exponentially decreasing norm when t . That means the following estimates hold:

e t A E E M e δ t , t A e t A E E M , t > 0 (5)

for some M > 1 , δ > 0 . Let B ( t ) be closed operators.

The strongly positive operator A defines the fractional spaces E α = E α ( A , E ) ( 0 < α < 1 ) consisting of all u E for which the following norms are finite:

u E α = sup λ > 0 λ 1 α A e λ A u E .

As noted in [19], it is important to study the stability of solutions of the initial value problem (4) for delay differential equations and of difference schemes for approximate solutions of problem (4) under the assumption that

B ( t ) A 1 E E 1 (6)

holds for every t 0 . This assumption for the delay differential equation (2) follows from assumption (1) in the case when E = R 1 . Unfortunately, we have not been able to obtain the stability estimate for the solution of problem (4) in the arbitrary Banach space E. Nevertheless, in [20], the coercive stability estimate for the solution of problem (4) was established, when the space E is replaced by the fractional spaces E α ( 0 < α < 1 ) which is defined above under the condition

B ( t ) A 1 E E 1 α M 2 2 α (7)

for every t 0 , where M is the constant from equation (5). However, the condition (7) is stronger than (6) and E E α . Finally, in papers [21,22], theorems on the well-posedness in Hölder spaces in t of the initial value problem for the delay parabolic equation

{ ε d v ( t ) d t + A v ( t ) = B ( t ) v ( t ω ) + f ( t ) , t 0 , v ( t ) = g ( t ) ( ω t 0 ) (8)

in an arbitrary Banach space E with the small positive parameter ε in the high derivative and with the unbounded linear operators A and B ( t ) in E with dense domains D ( A ) D ( B ( t ) ) were established.

Additionally, using the first and second order of the accuracy implicit difference schemes for differential equations without the presence of delay, the first and second order of the accuracy implicit difference schemes,

{ 1 τ ( u k u k 1 ) + A u k = B k u k N + φ k , φ k = f ( t k ) , B k = B ( t k ) , t k = k τ , 1 k , N τ = ω , u k = g ( t k ) , t k = k τ , N k 0 , (9)

{ 1 τ ( u k u k 1 ) + A S u k = S B k g ( t k N τ 2 ) , 1 k N , t k N = ( k N ) τ , 1 τ ( u k u k 1 ) + A S u k = 1 2 S B k ( u k N + u k N 1 ) + φ k , φ k = S f ( t k τ 2 ) , B k = B ( t k τ 2 ) , t k = k τ , N + 1 k , (10)

are presented for approximate solutions of the initial value problem (4). Here, we will put S = I + 1 2 τ A .

The main aim of present paper is to study the well-posedness of the difference schemes (9) and (10). We establish the coercive stability estimates in fractional spaces E α ( 0 < α < 1 ) under the assumption (7). In practice, the coercive stability estimates in Hölder norms for the solutions of difference schemes for the approximate solutions of the mixed problem of delay parabolic equations are obtained.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, theorems on coercive stability of difference schemes (9) and (10) are established. In Section 3, the coercive stability estimates in Hölder norms for the solutions of difference schemes for the approximate solutions of delay parabolic equations are obtained. Finally, Section 4 is our conclusion.

### 2 The well-posedness of difference schemes (9) and (10)

First, we consider the difference scheme (9) when A 1 and B ( t ) commute, i.e.

A 1 B ( t ) u = B ( t ) A 1 u , u D ( A ) . (11)

Theorem 1Assume that the condition (7) holds for every t 0 , whereMis the constant from (5). Then for the solution of the difference scheme (9), the estimate

u k u k 1 τ E α + A u k E α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α + M 2 2 α 1 α [ n = 1 [ k N ] sup ( n 1 ) N + 1 i n N φ i E α + sup [ k N ] N + 1 i k φ i E α ] (12)

holds for any k 1 . Here and in future we put n = 1 m a n = 0 if m < 1 .

Proof Let us consider 1 k N . In this case

u k = R k g ( 0 ) + j = 1 k R k j + 1 B j g ( t j N ) τ + j = 1 k R k j + 1 B j φ j τ = v k + w k ,

where

v k = R k g ( 0 ) + j = 1 k R k j + 1 B j g ( t j N ) τ , w k = j = 1 k R k j + 1 B j φ j τ , R = ( 1 + τ A ) 1 .

Let us estimate A v k and A w k for any k 1 . Using the formula

( I + τ A ) k = 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t e τ t A d t , k 1 , (13)

condition (11) and estimates (5) and (7), we obtain

λ 1 α A e λ A A v k E λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t A e ( τ t + λ ) A A g ( 0 ) E d t + λ 1 α j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t A e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 E E B j A 1 E E × A e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 A g ( t j N ) E d t λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α A g ( 0 ) E α + λ 1 α 1 α M 2 2 α j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t M 2 2 α d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α A g ( t j N ) E α J max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α ,

where

J = λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α + λ 1 α ( 1 α ) j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α .

Making the substitution k j = m and integrating by parts, we obtain

λ 1 α ( 1 α ) m = 0 k 1 τ 1 m ! 0 t m e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α = 1 λ 1 α 0 e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α + λ 1 α 0 m = 1 k 1 [ 1 ( m 1 ) ! t m 1 1 m ! t m ] e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α = 1 λ 1 α 0 e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α + λ 1 α 0 e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α = 1 λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α .

Therefore J = 1 and

λ 1 α A e λ A A v k E max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α

for every 1 k N and λ > 0 . This shows that

A v k E α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α (14)

for every 1 k N . Using formula (13), and the estimate (5), we obtain

λ 1 α A e λ A A w k E M 2 2 α λ 1 α j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α φ j E α .

Applying the inequality

j = 1 k 1 ( k j ) ! t k j e t ,

we get

λ 1 α A e λ A A w k E M 2 2 α λ 1 α τ 0 d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α sup 1 j k φ j E α = M 2 2 α 1 α sup 1 j k φ j E α

for every 1 k N and λ > 0 . This shows that

A w k E α M 2 2 α 1 α sup 1 j k φ j E α (15)

for every 1 k N . Using the triangle inequality and the estimates (14) and (15), we get

A u k E α max N i 0 g ( t i ) E α + M 2 2 α 1 α sup 1 j k φ j E α . (16)

Applying mathematical induction, one can easily show that it is true for every k. Actually, suppose that the estimate (16) is true for ( n 1 ) N k n N , n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,  . Letting k = m + n N , we have

1 τ ( u m + n N u m + n N 1 ) + A u m + n N = B m + n N u m + n N N + φ m + n N , 1 m N .

Using the estimate (16), we obtain

A u k E α max 1 m N A u m + n N N E α + M 2 2 α 1 α sup [ k N ] N + 1 i k φ i E α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α + M 2 2 α 1 α n = 1 [ k N ] sup ( n 1 ) N + 1 i n N φ i E α + M 2 2 α 1 α sup [ k N ] N + 1 i k φ i E α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α + M 2 2 α 1 α [ n = 1 [ k N ] sup ( n 1 ) N + 1 i n N φ i E α + sup [ k N ] N + 1 i k φ i E α ]

for every n N + 1 k ( n + 1 ) N , n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,  . Theorem 1 is proved. □

Now, we consider the difference scheme (9) when

A 1 B ( t ) x B ( t ) A 1 x , x D ( A )

for some t 0 .

Recall that (see, for example, [[23], Chapter 2, p.116]) A is a strongly positive operator in a Banach space E iff its spectrum σ ( A ) lies in the interior of the sector of the angle φ, 0 < 2 φ < π , symmetric with respect to the real axis, and if on the edges of this sector, S 1 = [ z = ρ e i φ : 0 ρ < ] and S 2 = [ z = ρ e i φ : 0 ρ < ] , and outside it the resolvent ( z A ) 1 is subject to the bound

( z A ) 1 E E M 1 1 + | z | (17)

for some M 1 > 0 . First of all let us give lemmas from the paper [12] that will be needed in the sequel.

Lemma 1For anyzon the edges of the sector,

S 1 = [ z = ρ e i φ : 0 ρ < ] and S 2 = [ z = ρ e i φ : 0 ρ < ]

and outside it the estimate

A ( z A ) 1 x E M 1 α M α ( 1 + M 1 ) 1 α 2 ( 2 α ) α α ( 1 α ) ( 1 + | z | ) α x E α

holds for any x E α . Here and in the futureMand M 1 are the same constants as of the estimates (5) and (17).

Lemma 2Let for all s 0 the operator B ( s ) A 1 A 1 B ( s ) with domain which coincides with D ( A ) permit the closure B ( s ) A 1 A 1 B ( s ) ¯ bounded inE. Then for all τ > 0 the following estimate holds:

A 1 [ A e τ A B ( s ) B ( s ) A e τ A ] x E e ( α + 1 ) M α M 1 1 + α ( 1 + 2 M 1 ) ( 1 + M 1 ) 1 α 2 ( 2 α ) α Q E E x E α τ 1 α π α 2 ( 1 α ) .

Here Q = A 1 ( A B ( s ) B ( s ) A ) A 1 ¯ .

Suppose that

A 1 ( A B ( t ) B ( t ) A ) A 1 ¯ E E π ( 1 α ) 2 α 2 ε e M 1 + α M 1 1 + α ( 1 + 2 M 1 ) ( 1 + M 1 ) 1 α 2 2 + α α 2 ( 1 + α ) (18)

holds for every t 0 . Here and in the futureεis a constant, 0 ε 1 .

The use of Lemmas 1 and 2 enables us to establish the following statement.

Theorem 2Assume that the condition

A 1 B ( t ) ¯ E E ( 1 α ) ( 1 ε ) M 2 2 α (19)

holds for every t 0 . Then for the solution of the difference scheme (9), the coercive estimate (12) holds.

Proof Let us consider 1 k N . Using formula (13), we can write

λ 1 α A e λ A A v k = λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t A e ( τ t + λ ) A A g ( 0 ) d t + λ 1 α j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t e τ t + λ 2 A B j A e τ t + λ 2 A A g ( t j N ) d t + λ 1 α j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t A e τ t + λ 2 A A 1 [ e τ t + λ 2 A A B j B j A e τ t + λ 2 A ] A g ( t j N ) d t = T 1 + T 2 + T 3 .

Using the estimates (5), (17), and condition (19), we obtain

T 1 E λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t A e ( τ t + λ ) A A g ( 0 ) E d t T 1 E λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α , T 2 E λ 1 α j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t A e τ t + λ 2 A E E A 1 B j E E T 2 E × A e τ t + λ 2 A A g ( t j N ) E d t T 2 E λ 1 α ( 1 α ) ( 1 ε ) M 2 2 α j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t M 2 2 α d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α A g ( t j N ) E α T 2 E λ 1 α ( 1 α ) ( 1 ε ) j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α

for every 1 k N and λ > 0 . Now let us estimate T 3 . By Lemma 2 and using the estimate (20), we can obtain

T 3 E λ 1 α j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t A e τ t + λ 2 A E E × A 1 [ A e τ t + λ 2 A B j B j A e τ t + λ 2 A ] A g ( t j N ) E d t λ 1 α max 1 k N A 1 ( A B j B j A ) A 1 ¯ E E j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! × 0 t k j e t e ( 1 + α ) M α M 1 1 + α ( 1 + 2 M 1 ) ( 1 + M 1 ) 1 α 2 ( 2 α ) α π α 2 ( 1 α ) × M 2 2 α d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α A g ( t j N ) E α λ 1 α ( 1 α ) ε j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α

for every 1 k N and λ > 0 . Using the triangle inequality, we obtain

λ 1 α A e λ A A v k E max N i 0 J A g ( t i ) E α

for every 1 k N and λ > 0 . This shows that

A v k E α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α

for every 1 k N . Using the triangle inequality and the last estimate and (15), we get

A u k E α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α + M 2 2 α 1 α sup 1 i k φ i E α .

In a similar manner as Theorem 1, applying mathematical induction, one can easily show that it is true for every k. Theorem 2 is proved. □

Now we consider the difference scheme (10). We have not been able to obtain the same result for the solution of the difference scheme (10) in spaces E α under assumption (7). Nevertheless, for the solution of the difference scheme (10) the coercive stability estimate in the norm of same fractional spaces E α ( 0 < α < 1 ) under the supplementary restriction of the operator A is established.

Theorem 3Suppose that the following estimates hold:

( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A S ) 1 E E 1 , S ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A S ) 1 E E 1 + 2 2 , (20)

and

B ( t ) A 1 E E ( 1 α ) M 2 1 α ( 1 + 2 ) , t 0 . (21)

Then for the solution of the difference scheme (10), the coercive estimate (12) holds.

Proof Let us consider 1 k N . In this case

u k = R k g ( 0 ) + j = 1 k R k j + 1 ( I + τ A 2 ) B j ( g ( t j N ) + g ( t j N 1 ) ) τ + j = 1 k R k j + 1 ( I + τ A 2 ) φ j τ = v k + w k , (22)

where

v k = R k g ( 0 ) + j = 1 k R k j + 1 ( I + τ A 2 ) B j ( g ( t j N ) + g ( t j N 1 ) ) τ , w k = j = 1 k R k j + 1 ( I + τ A 2 ) φ j τ , R = ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 .

Let us estimate A v k and A w k for any k 1 . Using formula (22), condition (11), and the estimates (5) and (7), we obtain

λ 1 α A e λ A A v k E ( ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 ) k E E × λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t A e ( τ t + λ ) A A g ( 0 ) E d t + λ 1 α j = 1 k τ ( ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 ) k j E E × ( I + τ A 2 ) ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 E E × 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t A e τ t + λ 2 A E E B j A 1 E E × A e τ t + λ 2 A 1 2 A ( g ( t j N ) + g ( t j N 1 ) ) E d t λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α A g ( 0 ) E α + ( 1 + 2 ) 2 1 α M 2 1 α ( 1 + 2 ) × j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t M 2 2 α d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α 1 2 A ( g ( t j N ) + g ( t j N 1 ) ) E α J max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α

for every 1 k N and λ > 0 . This shows that

A v k E α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α (23)

for every 1 k N . Using formula (22), the condition (21), and the estimate (5), we obtain

λ 1 α A e λ A w k E λ 1 α j = 1 k τ ( ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 ) k j E E × ( I + τ A 2 ) ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 E E × 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α φ j E α M 2 2 α λ 1 α j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α φ j E α M 2 2 α 1 α sup 1 j k φ j E α

for every 1 k N and λ > 0 . This shows that

A w k E α M 2 2 α 1 α sup 1 j k φ j E α (24)

for every 1 k N . Using the triangle inequality and the estimates (23) and (24), we get

A u k E α max N i 0 g ( t i ) E α + M 2 2 α 1 α sup 1 j k φ j E α . (25)

In a similar manner as Theorem 1, applying mathematical induction, one can easily show that it is true for every k. Theorem 3 is established. □

Now, we consider the difference scheme (10) when

A 1 B ( t ) x B ( t ) A 1 x , x D ( A )

for some t 0 . Suppose that the operator B ( t ) A 1 A 1 B ( t ) , with domain which coincides with D ( A ) , permits the closure bounded in E and that the estimate

A 1 ( A B ( t ) B ( t ) A ) A 1 ¯ E E π ( 1 α ) 2 α 2 ( 1 + α ) 1 ( 1 + 2 ) 1 ε e M 1 + α M 1 1 + α ( 1 + 2 M 1 ) ( 1 + M 1 ) 1 α 2 2 + α α 2

holds for every t 0 and some ε [ 0 , 1 ] .

Theorem 4Assume that all conditions of Theorem 2 and Theorem 3 are satisfied. Then for the solution of the difference scheme (10), the estimate (12) holds.

Proof Let us consider 1 k N . Using formula (22), the estimates (5), (17), and the condition (19), we obtain

λ 1 α A e λ A A v k = ( ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 ) k λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t A e ( τ t + λ ) A A g ( 0 ) d t + λ 1 α j = 1 k τ ( ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 ) k j ( I + τ A 2 ) ( I + τ A ) × ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 B j A e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 × 1 2 A ( g ( t j N ) + g ( t j N 1 ) ) d t + λ 1 α j = 1 k τ ( ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 ) k j ( I + τ A 2 ) ( I + τ A ) × ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t A e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 A 1 × [ e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 A B j B j A e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 ] 1 2 A ( g ( t j N ) + g ( t j N 1 ) ) d t = P 1 + P 2 + P 3 .

Using the estimates (5), (17), and the condition (19), we obtain

P 1 E ( ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 ) k E E P 1 E × λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t A e ( τ t + λ ) A A g ( 0 ) E d t P 1 E λ 1 α 1 ( k 1 ) ! 0 t k 1 e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 1 α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α , P 2 E λ 1 α j = 1 k τ ( ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 ) k j E E P 2 E × ( I + τ A 2 ) ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 E E P 2 E × 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t A e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 E E A 1 B j ¯ E E P 2 E × A e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 1 2 A ( g ( t j N ) + g ( t j N 1 ) ) E d t P 2 E ( 1 + 2 ) 2 λ 1 α ( 1 α ) ( 1 ε ) M 2 1 α ( 1 + 2 ) P 2 E × j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t M 2 2 α d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α 1 2 A ( g ( t j N ) + g ( t j N 1 ) ) E α P 2 E ( 1 α ) ( 1 ε ) j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t λ 1 α d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α

for every 1 k N and λ > 0 . Now let us estimate P 3 . By Lemma 2 and using the estimate (20), we obtain

P 3 E λ 1 α j = 1 k τ ( ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 ) k j E E × ( I + τ A 2 ) ( I + τ A ) ( I + τ A + ( τ A ) 2 2 ) 1 E E × 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t A e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 E E × A 1 [ A e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 B j B j A e ( τ t + λ ) A 2 ] 1 2 A ( g ( t j N ) + g ( t j N 1 ) ) E d t λ 1 α ( 1 + 2 ) 2 max 1 j N A 1 ( A B j B j A ) A 1 ¯ E E j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! × 0 t k j e t e ( 1 + α ) M α M 1 1 + α ( 1 + 2 M 1 ) ( 1 + M 1 ) 1 α 2 ( 2 α ) α π α 2 ( 1 α ) × M 2 2 α d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α 1 2 A g ( t j N ) + A g ( t j N 1 ) E α λ 1 α ( 1 α ) ε j = 1 k τ 1 ( k j ) ! 0 t k j e t d t ( t τ + λ ) 2 α max N i 0 A g ( t i ) E α

for every 1 k N and λ > 0 . Using the triangle inequality, we obtain

λ 1 α A e λ A A v k E J max N k 0 A g ( t k ) E α

for every 1 k N and λ > 0 . This shows that

A v k E α max N k 0 A g ( t k ) E α (26)

for every 1 k N . Using the triangle inequality and the estimates (26) and (24), we get

A u k E α max N i 0 g ( t i ) E α + M 2 2 α 1 α sup 1 j k φ j E α .

In a similar manner as Theorem 1, applying mathematical induction, one can easily show that it is true for every k. Theorem 4 is established. □

Note that these abstract results are applicable to the study of the coercive stability of various delay parabolic equations with local and nonlocal boundary conditions with respect to the space variables. However, it is important to study structure of E α for space operators in Banach spaces. The structure of E α for some space differential and difference operators in Banach spaces has been investigated in some papers [23-32]. In Section 3, applications of Theorem 1 to the study of the coercive stability of the difference schemes for delay parabolic equations are given.

### 3 Applications

First, the initial-boundary value problem for one-dimensional delay parabolic equations is considered:

{ u ( t , x ) t a ( x ) 2 u ( t , x ) x 2 + δ u ( t , x ) = b ( t ) ( a ( x ) 2 u ( t ω , x ) x 2 + δ u ( t ω , x ) ) + f ( t , x ) , 0 < t < , x ( 0 , l ) , u ( t , x ) = g ( t , x ) , ω t 0 , x [ 0 , l ] , u ( t , 0 ) = u ( t , l ) = 0 , ω t < , (27)

where a ( x ) , b ( t ) , g ( t , x ) , f ( t , x ) are given sufficiently smooth functions and δ > 0 is a sufficiently large number. It will be assumed that a ( x ) a > 0 . The discretization of problem (27) is carried out in two steps. In the first step, the uniform grid space

[ 0 , l ] h = { x : x r = r h , 0 r K , K h = l }

is defined. To formulate the result, one needs to introduce the Banach space C h β = C β ( [ 0 , l ] h ) ( 0 < β < 1 ) of the grid functions φ h ( x ) = { φ r } 1 K 1 defined on [ 0 , l ] h satisfying the conditions φ 0 = φ K = 0 , equipped with the norm

φ h C h β = φ h C h + sup 1 k < k + τ K 1 | φ k + r φ k | τ β .

Here and in the future, C h = C ( [ 0 , l ] h ) is the space of the grid functions φ h ( x ) = { φ r } 0 K defined on [ 0 , l ] h , equipped with the norm

φ h C h = max 0 k K | φ k | .

To the differential operator A x generated by problem (27), we assign the difference operator A h x by the formula

A h x φ h ( x ) = { ( a ( x ) φ x ¯ ) x , r + δ φ r } 1 K 1 ,

acting in the space of grid functions φ h ( x ) = { φ r } 0 K satisfying the conditions φ 0 = φ K = 0 . With the help of A h x , we arrive at the initial-boundary value problem

{ d u h ( t , x ) d t + A h x u h ( t , x ) = b ( t ) A h x u h ( t ω , x ) + f h ( t , x ) , t 0 , x [ 0 , l ] h , u h ( t , x ) = g h ( t , x ) = g ( t , x ) ( ω t 0 ) , x [ 0 , l ] h (28)

for the system of ordinary differential equations. In the second step, problem (28) is replaced by the first-order accuracy in the difference scheme in t,

{ 1 τ ( u k h ( x ) u k 1 h ( x ) ) + A h x u k h ( x ) = b ( t k ) A h x u k N h ( x ) + f k h ( x ) , f k h ( x ) = f h ( t k , x ) , t k = k τ , 1 k , N τ = ω , x [ 0 , l ] h , u k h ( x ) = g h ( t k , x ) , t k = k τ , N k 0 , x [ 0 , l ] h . (29)

Theorem 5Assume that

sup 0 t < | b ( t ) | 1 α M 2 2 α . (30)

Then for the solution of the difference scheme (29) the following coercive stability estimates hold:

τ 1 ( u k h u k 1 h ) C 2 α [ 0 , l ] h + h 2 Δ 1 Δ 1 + u k h C 2 α [ 0 , l ] h M 3 ( α ) [ max N i 0 h 2 Δ 1 Δ 1 + g i h C 2 α [ 0 , l ] h + n = 1 [ k N ] sup ( n 1 ) N + 1 i n N f i h C 2 α [ 0 , l ] h + sup [ k N ] N + 1 i k f i h C 2 α [ 0 , l ] h ] , 0 < α < 1 2 (31)

for all k 1 , where M 3 ( α ) does not depend on g k h and f k h . Here and in the future we put

Δ 1 ± φ h ( x ) = ± [ φ h ( x ± h ) φ h ( x ) ] , x , x ± h [ 0 , l ] h .

The proof of Theorem 5 is based on the estimate

e t k A h x C h C h M , k 0 ,

and on the abstract Theorem 1, the positivity of the operator A h x in C h β , and on the following theorem on the structure of the fractional space E α ( C h , A h x ) .

Theorem 6For any 0 < α < 1 2 the norms in the spaces E α ( C h , A h x ) and C h 2 α are equivalent uniformly inh[25].

Second, the initial nonlocal boundary value problem for one-dimensional delay parabolic equations is considered:

{ u ( t , x ) t a ( x ) 2 u ( t , x ) x 2 + δ u ( t , x ) = b ( t ) ( a ( x ) 2 u ( t ω , x ) x 2 + δ u ( t ω , x ) ) + f ( t , x ) , 0 < t < , x ( 0 , l ) , u ( t , x ) = g ( t , x ) , ω t 0 , x [ 0 , l ] , u ( t , 0 ) = u ( t , l ) , u x ( t , 0 ) = u x ( t , l ) , ω t < , (32)

where a ( x ) , b ( t ) , g ( t , x ) , f ( t , x ) are given sufficiently smooth functions and δ > 0 is a sufficiently large number. It will be assumed that a ( x ) a > 0 . The discretization of problem (32) is carried out in two steps. In the first step, let us use the discretization in the space variable x. To formulate the result, one needs to introduce the Banach space C h β = C β ( [ 0 , l ] h ) ( 0 < β < 1 ) of the grid functions φ h ( x ) = { φ r } 0 K defined on [ 0 , l ] h satisfying the conditions φ 0 = φ K , φ 1 φ 0 = φ K φ K 1 equipped with the norm

φ h C h β = φ h C h + sup 0 k < k + τ K | φ k + r φ k | τ β .

To the differential operator A x generated by problem (32) we assign the difference operator A h x by the formula

A h x φ h ( x ) = { ( a ( x ) φ x ¯ ) x , r + δ φ r } 1 K 1 , (33)

acting in the space of grid functions φ h ( x ) = { φ r } 0 K satisfying the conditions φ 0 = φ K , φ 1 φ 0 = φ K φ K 1 . With the help of A h x , we arrive at the initial value problem

{ d u h ( t , x ) d t + A h x u h ( t , x ) = b ( t ) A h x u h ( t ω , x ) + f h ( t , x ) , t 0 , x [ 0 , l ] h , u h ( t , x ) = g h ( t , x ) = g ( t , x ) ( ω t 0 ) , x [ 0 , l ] h (34)

for the system of ordinary differential equations. In the second step, problem (34) is replaced by the first-order accuracy of the difference scheme in t

{ 1 τ ( u k h ( x ) u k 1 h ( x ) ) + A h x u k h ( x ) = b ( t k ) A h x u k N h ( x ) + f k h ( x ) , f k h ( x ) = f h ( t k , x ) , t k = k τ , 1 k , N τ = ω , x [ 0 , l ] h , u k h ( x ) = g h ( t k , x ) , t k = k τ , N k 0 , x [ 0 , l ] h . (35)

Theorem 7Assume that all the conditions of Theorem 5 are satisfied. Then for the solution of the difference scheme (35) the coercive stability estimate (31) holds.

The proof of Theorem 7 is based on the estimate

e t k A h x C h C h M , k 0 ,

and on the abstract Theorem 1, the positivity of the operator A h x in C h μ , and on the following theorem on the structure of the fractional space E α ( C h , A h x ) .

Theorem 8For any 0 < α < 1 2 the norms in the spaces E α ( C h , A h x ) and C h 2 α are equivalent uniformly inh[27].

Third, the initial value problem on the range

{ 0 t 1 , x = ( x 1 , , x n ) R n , r = ( r 1 , , r n ) }

for 2mth-order multidimensional delay differential equations of parabolic type is considered:

{ u ( t , x ) t + | r | = 2 m a τ ( x ) | r | u ( t , x ) x 1 r 1 x n r n + δ u ( t , x ) = b ( t ) ( | r | = 2 m a τ ( x ) | r | u ( t ω , x ) x 1 r 1 x n r n + δ u ( t ω , x ) ) + f ( t , x ) , 0 < t < , x R n , u ( t , x ) = g ( t , x ) , ω t 0 , x R n , | r | = r 1 + + r n , (36)

where a r ( x ) , b ( t ) , g ( t , x ) , f ( t , x ) are given sufficiently smooth functions and δ > 0 is a sufficiently large number. We will assume that the symbol [ ξ = ( ξ 1 , , ξ n ) R n ]

A 1 x ( ξ ) = | r | = 2 m a r ( x ) ( i ξ 1 ) r 1 ( i ξ n ) r n

of the differential operator of the form

A 1 x = | r | = 2 m a r ( x ) | r | x 1 r 1 x n r n , (37)

acting on the functions defined on the space R n , satisfies the inequalities

0 < M 1 | ξ | 2 m ( 1 ) m A 1 x ( ξ ) M 2 | ξ | 2 m <

for ξ 0 , where ξ = | ξ 1 | 2 + + | ξ n | 2 . The discretization of problem (36) is carried out in two steps. In the first step the uniform grid space R h n ( 0 < h h 0 ) is defined as the set of all points of the Euclidean space R n whose coordinates are given by

x k = s k h , s k = 0 , ± 1 , ± 2 , , k = 1 , , n .

The difference operator A h x = B h x + σ I h is assigned to the differential operator A x = B x + σ I , defined by equation (36). The operator

B h x = h 2 m 2 m | s | S b s x Δ 1 s 1 Δ 1 + s 2 Δ n s 2 n 1 Δ n + s 2 n (38)

acts on functions defined on the entire space R h n . Here s R 2 n is a vector with nonnegative integer coordinates,

Δ k ± f h ( x ) = ± ( f h ( x ± e k h ) f h ( x ) ) ,

where e k is the unit vector of the axis x k .

An infinitely differentiable function φ ( x ) of the continuous argument x R n that is continuous and bounded together with all its derivatives is said to be smooth. We say that the difference operator A h x is a λth-order ( λ > 0 ) approximation of the differential operator A x if the inequality

sup x R h n | A h x φ ( x ) A x φ ( x ) | M ( φ ) h λ

holds for any smooth function φ ( x ) . The coefficients b s x are chosen in such a way that the operator A h x approximates in a specified way the operator A x . It will be assumed that the operator A h x approximates the differential operator A x with any prescribed order [33,34].

The function A x ( ξ h , h ) is obtained by replacing the operator Δ k ± in the right-hand side of the equality (38) with the expression ± ( e ± i ξ k h 1 ) , respectively, and it is called the symbol of the difference operator B h x .

It will be assumed that for | ξ k h | π and fixed x the symbol A x ( ξ h , h ) of the operator B h x = A h x σ I h satisfies the inequalities

( 1 ) m A x ( ξ h , h ) M | ξ | 2 m , | arg A x ( ξ h , h ) | ϕ < ϕ 0 π 2 . (39)

Suppose that the coefficient b s x of the operator B h x = A h x σ I h is bounded and satisfies the inequalities

| b s x + e k h b s x | M h ε , x R h n , ε ( 0 , 1 ] . (40)

With the help of A h x we arrive at the initial value problem

{ ( u h ( t , x ) ) + A h x u h ( t , x ) = b ( t ) A h x u h ( t ω , x ) + f h ( t , x ) , t 0 , x R h n , u h ( t , x ) = g h ( t , x ) = g ( t , x ) ( ω t 0 ) , x R h n , (41)

for an infinite system of ordinary differential equations. Now, problem (41) is replaced by the first-order accuracy of the difference scheme in t

{ 1 τ ( u k h ( x ) u k 1 h ( x ) ) + A h x u k h ( x ) = b ( t k ) A h x u k N h ( x ) + f k h ( x ) , f k h ( x ) = f h ( t k , x ) , t k = k τ , 1 k , N τ = ω , x R h n , u k h ( x ) = g h ( t k , x ) , t k = k τ , N k 0 , x R h n . (42)

To formulate the result, one needs to introduce the spaces C h = C ( R h n ) and C h β = C β ( R h n ) of all bounded grid functions u h ( x ) defined on R h n , equipped with the norms

u h C h = sup x R h n | u h ( x ) | , u h C h β = sup x R h n | u h ( x ) | + sup x , y R h n | u h ( x ) u h ( x + y ) | | y | β .

Theorem 9Assume that all the conditions of Theorem 7 are satisfied. Then for the solution of the difference scheme (42) the following coercive stability estimates hold:

τ 1 ( u k h u k 1 h ) C 2 m α ( R h n ) + 2 m | s | S h 2 m Δ 1 s 1 Δ 1 + s 2 Δ n s 2 n 1 Δ n + s 2 n u k h C 2 m α ( R h n ) M 2 ( α ) [ max N i 0 2 m | s | S h 2 m Δ 1 s 1 Δ 1 + s 2 Δ n s 2 n 1 Δ n + s 2 n g i h C 2 m α ( R h n ) + n = 1 [ k N ] sup ( n 1 ) N + 1 i n N f i h C 2 m α ( R h n ) + sup [ k N ] N + 1 i k f i h C 2 m α ( R h n ) ] , 0 < α < 1 2 m

for all k 1 , where M 2 ( α ) does not depend on g k h and f k h .

The proof of Theorem 9 is based on the estimate

e t k A h x C ( R h n ) C ( R h n ) M , k 0 ,

and on the abstract Theorem 1, the positivity of the operator A h x in C ( R h n ) , and on the fact that the E α = E α ( A h x , C ( R h n ) ) norms are equivalent to the norms C 2 m α ( R h n ) uniformly in h for 0 < α < 1 2 m [[23], Chapter 4, p.283].

### 4 Conclusion

In the present paper, the well-posedness of the difference schemes for the approximate solutions of the initial value problem for delay parabolic equations with unbounded operators acting on delay terms in an arbitrary Banach space is established. Theorems on the coercive stability of these difference schemes in fractional spaces are established. In practice, the coercive stability estimates in Hölder norms for the solutions of the difference schemes for the approximate solutions of the mixed problems for delay parabolic equations are obtained. Note that in the present paper B ( t ) is a time variable unbounded space operator acting on the delay term. The delay w is a positive constant. In general, it is interesting to consider the delay as a function w ( t ) , dependent on t. A well-known parabolic problem with delay used in population dynamics is the so-called Hutchinson equation where B ( t ) is a time variable bounded nonlinear space operator acting on the delay term [8,9]. It would be interesting to consider the case when B ( t ) is a nonlinear unbounded space operator acting on the delay term. Actually, it will be possible after establishing theorems on the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the solutions, and the smoothness property of the solutions, and obtaining a suitable contractivity condition of the numerical solutions.

### Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

### Authors’ contributions

Each of the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

### Acknowledgements

This work is supported by Trakya University Scientific Research Projects Unit (Project No: 2010-91). We would like to thank to the reviewers, whose careful reading, helpful suggestions, and valuable comments helped us to improve the manuscript.

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