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# Oscillation of half-linear differential equations with asymptotically almost periodic coefficients

Petr Hasil1* and Michal Veselý2

Author Affiliations

1 Department of Mathematics, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, Brno, CZ-613 00, Czech Republic

2 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, CZ-611 37, Czech Republic

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Advances in Difference Equations 2013, 2013:122  doi:10.1186/1687-1847-2013-122

 Received: 28 December 2012 Accepted: 17 April 2013 Published: 30 April 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### Abstract

We investigate second-order half-linear differential equations with asymptotically almost periodic coefficients. For these equations, we explicitly find an oscillation constant. If the coefficients are replaced by constants, our main result (concerning the conditional oscillation) reduces to the classical one. We also mention examples and concluding remarks.

MSC: 34C10, 34C15.

##### Keywords:
half-linear equations; oscillation theory; almost periodicity; asymptotic almost periodicity; conditional oscillation; oscillation constant

### 1 Introduction

This paper is devoted to the study of the half-linear differential equation

(1.1)

where r, c are continuous functions, r is positive, and . An equation of this form appeared for the first time in [1]. Nevertheless, as the basic pioneering papers in the field of half-linear differential equations, we mention [2,3]. During the last decades, these equations have been widely studied in the literature. A detailed description and a comprehensive literature overview concerning the topic can be found in [4] (see also [[5], Chapter 3]).

The name half-linear equations was introduced in [6]. This term is motivated by the fact that the solution space of these equations is homogeneous (likewise in the linear case), but it is not additive. There are several differences between linear equations and half-linear equations. Especially, some tools widely used in the theory of linear equations are not available for half-linear equations (e.g., see [7] for the Wronskian identity and [8] for the Fredholm alternative). In fact, these differences are caused, more or less, by the lack of the additivity. On the other hand, many results from the theory of linear equations are extendable to their half-linear counterparts. Since the linear Sturmian theory extends verbatim to the half-linear case (for details, we refer to [[4], Section 1.2]), we can classify Eq. (1.1) as oscillatory or non-oscillatory. We say that Eq. (1.1) is oscillatory if zeros of any solution tend to infinity. Otherwise, Eq. (1.1) is called non-oscillatory.

In this paper, we analyze a topic from the theory of half-linear equations and, at the same time, from the theory of (asymptotically) almost periodic functions. The importance of the investigation of half-linear equations lies among others in the fact that various phenomena in physics and chemistry are studied through half-linear equations and through partial differential equations with p-Laplacian (half-linear equations can be regarded as equations with one-dimensional p-Laplacian). We refer to [9] and the last section of this paper (with references given therein). Similarly, many phenomena in nature have an oscillatory character and their models lead to the research of asymptotically almost periodic functions. There exist many remarkable books concerning (asymptotically) almost periodic differential equations and their applications. See, e.g., [10-12].

Actually, we are interested in the conditional oscillation of half-linear differential equations with asymptotically almost periodic coefficients. We say that the equation

(1.2)

with positive coefficients is conditionally oscillatory if there exists a constant such that Eq. (1.2) is oscillatory for all and non-oscillatory for . The constant Γ is called an oscillation constant (more precisely, oscillation constant ofcwith respect tor). For results about the conditional oscillation of half-linear equations, we refer to [13,14] and to [[4], Section 5.4.2] (see also [15]). The conditional oscillation of linear equations is studied, e.g., in [16,17].

Our goal is to find the explicit oscillation constant for Eq. (1.2), where and r, s are asymptotically almost periodic functions. We point out that the main motivation of our research comes from [14,17,18]. In [17,18], the oscillation constant is found for linear equations with periodic coefficients. Using the notion of the principal solution, the main result of [17] is generalized in [14], where periodic half-linear equations are considered. For the discrete counterpart, we refer to [19], where the problem is solved for linear difference equations with almost periodic coefficients. It means that the presented result is stronger than the known one in the discrete case because we consider asymptotically almost periodic half-linear equations.

We consider the asymptotically almost periodic functions r, s in Eq. (1.2), because the known results do not cover two important cases - the almost periodic case, which is the basic generalization of the pure periodicity in applications, and perturbations vanishing at infinity. In this sense, our result is superior to the results of [14,17,18].

Besides already given references, let us mention a short literature overview connected to the above announced result. The conditional oscillation of linear equations is treated in [16]. We also refer to [20-23] which generalize [16]. An oscillation criterion for second-order half-linear equations is proved, e.g., in [24]. The oscillation properties of second-order linear dynamic equations are studied in [25] and the oscillation and non-oscillation behavior of second-order half-linear dynamic equations is investigated in [26-28].

The oscillation of solutions of almost periodic linear equations is discussed in [29-31]. In [32], half-linear equations with (the Besicovitch) almost periodic coefficients are considered and an oscillation theorem is obtained. In [33], a necessary and sufficient condition for a second-order equation with the Besicovitch almost periodic coefficient to be oscillatory is given. Oscillation properties of these equations are mentioned in [[5], Section 3.5] and [[4], Section 5.3.3] as well. Other properties of half-linear equations with almost periodic coefficients are treated, e.g., in [34].

The paper is organized as follows. The notion of asymptotic almost periodicity is recalled in the next section. Necessary background from the theory of half-linear equations is presented in Section 3. In these two sections, we mention only basic definitions and results which we will use later. In Section 4, we prove the main result and we illustrate it by some examples. Our paper is finished by concluding remarks given in Section 5.

Henceforth, for given , the symbol q will denote the number which is conjugated with p, i.e., . As usually, stands for all positive reals and .

### 2 Asymptotic almost periodicity

At first, we recall the definition of almost periodicity.

Definition 1 A continuous function is called almost periodic if for every , there exists a number with the property that any interval of length of the real line contains at least one point s for which

Note that we mentioned the so-called Bohr definition of almost periodic functions and that it is possible to introduce almost periodic functions in different ways. As the basic definition of almost periodic functions in the literature, one can often find the Bochner definition which is equivalent with the Bohr one and which is embodied in the next theorem.

Theorem 2.1Letbe a continuous function. Thenfis almost periodic if and only if from any sequence of the form, whereare real numbers, one can extract a subsequence which converges uniformly with respect to.

Proof See, e.g., [[12], Theorem 1.14]. □

As a direct generalization of almost periodicity, we consider the notion of asymptotic almost periodicity.

Definition 2 We say that a continuous function is asymptotically almost periodic if it can be represented in the form , , where is almost periodic and has the property that .

Again, equivalent definitions of asymptotic almost periodicity (based on the Bohr and Bochner concept) are used in the literature. We formulate them in the following two theorems. For the proofs of these theorems, we refer to [[12], Theorem 9.3, parts 2), 4)] (see also [[10], Theorem 1.5.2]).

Theorem 2.2A continuous functionis asymptotically almost periodic if and only if for every, there exist numbersandwith the property that any intervalof lengthcontains at least one pointsfor which

Theorem 2.3A continuous functionis asymptotically almost periodic if and only if from any sequence of the form, whereare positive real numbers satisfying, one can extract a subsequence which converges uniformly with respect to.

Now we mention two well-known common properties of almost periodic and asymptotically almost periodic functions, which we will need later. To prove them, it suffices to consider Theorems 2.1 and 2.3 (or consider, e.g., the proof of [[12], Theorem 1.9]).

Corollary 2.1Iffis an (asymptotically) almost periodic function andis uniformly continuous on the range off, then the functionis (asymptotically) almost periodic as well.

Corollary 2.2The sum and the product of two (asymptotically) almost periodic functions are (asymptotically) almost periodic.

Since asymptotically almost periodic functions are evidently bounded, from Corollary 2.1, we also obtain the following.

Corollary 2.3Iffis an asymptotically almost periodic function satisfying

then the function, defined by the formula, is asymptotically almost periodic for arbitrarily given.

It remains to recall the notion of the mean value for asymptotically almost periodic functions.

Theorem 2.4Iffis an asymptotically almost periodic function, then the limit

(2.1)

is finite and exists uniformly with respect to.

Proof The theorem follows, e.g., from [[11], Theorem 3.4] (see also [[11], Remark 3.15]). □

Definition 3 Let f be asymptotically almost periodic. The number introduced in (2.1) is called the mean value of f.

Remark 1 For any positive asymptotically almost periodic function f with the property that , we have . To verify this fact, it suffices to use Theorem 2.2.

### 3 Half-linear differential equations

To prove the main result, we use the concept of the Riccati equation for half-linear equations. More precisely, applying the transformation

to Eq. (1.1), we obtain the half-linear Riccati equation

(3.1)

whenever . We remark that the connection between Eq. (1.1) and Eq. (3.1) is described in the below given Theorem 3.1.

We also need the following two theorems. The first one is a well-known consequence of the half-linear Roundabout theorem which is proved, e.g., in [[4], Theorem 1.2.2] (or see directly [[4], Theorem 2.2.1]). For the second one, we can refer to [[4], Theorem 2.2.3].

Theorem 3.1Equation (1.1) is non-oscillatory if and only if there exists a functionwwhich solves Eq. (3.1) on some interval.

Theorem 3.2Suppose that

(3.2)

and that Eq. (1.1) is non-oscillatory. Then the lower limit

(3.3)

if and only if

(3.4)

for every solutionwof Eq. (3.1).

We focus our attention to Eq. (1.1) in the form

(3.5)

where and r, s are positive asymptotically almost periodic functions. The Riccati equation associated to Eq. (3.5) has the form

(3.6)

For , we express

i.e., we obtain the so-called adapted Riccati equation

(3.7)

In fact, we will use only partial cases of Theorems 3.1 and 3.2. For reader’s convenience, we mention the corresponding corollaries for Eq. (3.5) and Eq. (3.7).

Corollary 3.1Let Eq. (3.5) be non-oscillatory. There exists a negative solutionζof the adapted Riccati equation (3.7) on some interval.

Proof We apply Theorem 3.2, where (3.2) is satisfied (consider the boundedness of r). Inequality (3.3) is valid, because r, s are positive functions and . Thus, (3.4) holds for all solutions w of Eq. (3.6). Let us consider an arbitrary solution w of Eq. (3.6) defined on satisfying (see Theorem 3.1). We know that w is decreasing which follows immediately from (3.6). By combination of (3.2) and (3.4), we obtain as . Especially, , . This observation implies the existence of a negative solution ζ of Eq. (3.7) on . □

Corollary 3.2If there exists a negative functionζwhich solves the adapted Riccati equation (3.7) on some interval, then Eq. (3.5) is non-oscillatory.

Proof The statement of the corollary follows directly from Theorem 3.1. □

### 4 Oscillation constant

Now we can formulate and prove the announced result.

Theorem 4.1Letbe given and letrandsbe arbitrary positive asymptotically almost periodic functions satisfying

(4.1)

Let

(4.2)

Consider the equation

(4.3)

If, then Eq. (4.3) is oscillatory. If, then Eq. (4.3) is non-oscillatory.

Proof In the both cases of the theorem, we consider . Let be such that

(4.4)

(4.5)

i.e.,

(4.6)

The existence of such numbers follows from Corollary 2.3, Theorem 2.4, and Remark 1. We denote

(4.7)

Let . By contradiction, we suppose that Eq. (4.3) is non-oscillatory. Corollary 3.1 says that the adapted Riccati equation has a negative solution ζ, which exists on some interval . Without loss of generality, we can assume that . We recall (see (3.7))

(4.8)

Especially, we know that

(4.9)

Since , from (4.9) it follows the existence of for which

(4.10)

Indeed, if we assume that .

In addition, considering (4.8) and (4.10), we have

where

(4.11)

Therefore,

(4.12)

i.e.,

(4.13)

We denote

Since (4.13) holds for all , we obtain

(4.14)

We also put

(4.15)

(4.16)

Henceforth (in this part of the proof), we will consider . We have

(4.17)

if for an arbitrarily given , or

if .

Since

we obtain

(4.18)

which follows from Young’s inequality.

Next, applying (4.4), (4.5), and (4.6), we compute

i.e.,

(4.19)

The function is continuously differentiable on , and hence there exists satisfying

Using the fact that this function has the Lipschitz property and using (4.14), we obtain

For sufficiently large , it is valid

(4.20)

Altogether (consider (4.17), (4.18), (4.19), (4.20)), there exists for which we have

which implies that

This contradiction proves that Eq. (4.3) is oscillatory for .

In the second part of the proof, we have to show that Eq. (4.3) is non-oscillatory for . We will consider arbitrarily given and the solution ζ of the adapted Riccati equation determined by the Cauchy problem (4.8), , where

As in the first part of the proof (see (4.9)), we can estimate

for all t from the domain of ζ. Thus, there exists such that for all considered t. Analogously (see (4.12)), we can also prove

(4.21)

if . Hence, we can assume that T is so large that it is true

if . Especially, provided that for some , we have for all . Thus, we can define

for all considered such that . From (4.21) it follows

(4.22)

for all considered and , where C is introduced in (4.11).

We prove that for some and for all considered . On the contrary, we will assume that such a number δ does not exist. This assumption implies the existence of such that and . We estimate the value by the following expression:

(4.23)

where and are defined in (4.15) and (4.16), respectively.

Assume that

In this case, considering , we have

and, consequently, we obtain

We consider T, α as sufficiently large numbers for which (4.4) and (4.5) are satisfied. Analogously, we can require that T and α are so large that

for arbitrarily given . Note that . Thus, for sufficiently large T, we can assume that

(4.24)

We compute

Therefore, using (4.4), (4.5), and (4.6), we have

(4.25)

Similarly as in the first part of the proof (see (4.22)), we can show

Assume that

which implies

(4.26)

Finally, considering (4.23), (4.24), (4.25), and (4.26), we obtain the following contradiction:

which means that there exists satisfying

Especially, this negative solution exists for all . From Corollary 3.2 it follows that Eq. (4.3) is non-oscillatory for . □

Remark 2 Our result is ‘backward compatible’ with previous results about the conditional oscillation of half-linear equations. More precisely, if the functions r and s in Eq. (4.3) are α-periodic ones (with the same period α), our constant Γ reduces to the one from [14]. If they are replaced by constants , then , which gives the classical result for half-linear Euler-type equations (see, e.g., [35] or [[4], Section 1.4.2]).

Example 1 Let , , and . We can use Theorem 4.1 for the equation

whose coefficients are asymptotically almost periodic (it suffices to consider directly Definition 2 and Corollaries 2.2, 2.3) and where (i.e., ). It holds

Thus, the equation is oscillatory for and, at the same time, non-oscillatory for .

The statement of Theorem 4.1 is a new result also for (even for linear equations with almost periodic coefficients).

Corollary 4.1Consider the equation

(4.27)

whereandr, sare positive almost periodic functions satisfying (4.1). Then the oscillation constant is

(4.28)

i.e., Eq. (4.27) is oscillatory forand non-oscillatory for.

If the functions r and s in Eq. (4.27) are periodic with the same period, then the oscillation constant given in (4.28) reduces to the known one (see [17]). For constant functions r, s, we obtain , which corresponds to the famous result of Kneser [36]. Note that the main result of [17] cannot be used for general periodic functions r, s (which do not have any common period). This situation is illustrated by the following example.

Example 2 Let continuous functions be given. Let us consider the equation

The almost periodicity of the functions , is obvious. It is also seen that (4.1) is satisfied and that

Hence, we obtain the oscillation constant

### 5 Concluding remarks

There exist positive almost periodic functions for which

Such functions can be constructed using, e.g., [[37], Theorem 3.1]. Based on this fact, we conjecture that there exist almost periodic functions , , , satisfying (4.1) such that Eq. (4.3) determined by the coefficients , and (see (4.2)) is oscillatory and Eq. (4.3) with the coefficients , and is non-oscillatory. Thus, in general, we conjecture that it is not possible to decide whether Eq. (4.3) is oscillatory or non-oscillatory for .

The statement of Theorem 4.1 remains valid also for . Indeed, if , then the equation

is a non-oscillatory majorant of Eq. (4.3) (consider (4.1), (4.7)).

Since the asymptotic almost periodicity of a function f implies the asymptotic almost periodicity of (consider, e.g., Corollary 2.1), we can also apply Theorem 4.1 in the case when the function s in Eq. (4.3) changes its sign. More precisely, for Eq. (4.3) with and asymptotically almost periodic functions r and s, we obtain the following result by the Sturm comparison theorem. If,, and, then Eq. (4.3) is non-oscillatory.

Let us illustrate the connection between (ordinary) half-linear differential equations analyzed in this paper and partial differential equations with p-Laplacian. We refer, e.g., to [38-41]. For example, consider the equation

(5.1)

where , is a continuous non-zero n-vector function, A is an elliptic matrix function with differentiable components, c is a Hölder continuous function, and div, ∇, , and stand for the divergence operator, the nabla operator, the Euclidean norm, and the usual scalar product in , respectively. Let , , dσ be the element of the surface of the sphere , and be the smallest eigenvalue of the matrix . According to [[40], Theorem 1], we have the following result. If the functions

satisfy the requirements of Theorem 4.1 and (see (4.2)), then Eq. (5.1) is oscillatory.

### Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

### Authors’ contributions

The authors declare that the research was realized in collaboration with the same responsibility and contributions. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

### Acknowledgements

The first author is supported by Grant P201/10/1032 of the Czech Science Foundation. The second author is supported by the Operational Programme ‘Education for Competitiveness (POSTDOC II.)’ under the project CZ.1.07/2.3.00/30.0037. The project is co-financed by the European Social Fund and the state budget of the Czech Republic.

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